This is the main premise of social exchange theory. George homans, john thibaut, harold kelley, and peter blau. Social behavior as exchange career account web service. Social exchange theory views social interaction as based on the mutual flow of resources or behaviors of value over time. If we called attention to this sentence, it is because it reveals circularity of the first law of exchange theory. The purpose of this exchange is to maximize benefits and minimize costs. In examining social behavior as exchange, homans 1961 drew upon behaviorism to explain human behavior as comparable. Exchange ideology also strengthens the effects of equal opportunity and attitudes i. Social exchange theory set is one the most influential conceptual paradigms in organizational. Homans 1958 famous paper entitled social behavior as exchange laid the foundations of this orientation to the study of behavior. Interestingly, in his early writings, homans, never uses the phrase social exchange theory. Social exchange theory is a sociological and psychological theory that studies the social. Its elementary forms, his exchange theory and the many different propositions he made to better explain social behavior. Homans 1950, 1958, 1961 proposed examining such an interaction as an exchange following certain basic economic principles revolving.
Social exchange theory is one of the major theories of social interaction in the social sciences. Later, sociologists peter blau and richard emerson further developed the theory. It is indeed interesting that very little of significance. The predictor of organizational citizenship behaviour. Sep 30, 2014 according to exchange theory, we as individuals are motivated out of selfinterest and that we make decisions based on maximizing our rewards or profits and minimizing our costs. Homans in social behavior as exchange 1958 made a conscious effort to identify and advance this point of view. Its elementary forms, his exchange theory and the many different. He subsequently expanded these ideas in social behavior. The impact of exchange modes on interemployee knowledge sharing pdf.
Tokohtokoh yang mengembangkan teori pertukaran sosial antara lain adalah psikolog john thibaut dan harlod kelley. This article develops a theory that explains how and when emotions, produced by social exchange, generate stronger or weaker ties to relations, groups, or networks. Its elementary forms are considered worldclassics in sociology. Pdf toward a theory of value richard m emerson notes on a theory of value. Homans, who introduced the social exchange theory, belonged to a family that produced 2 us presidents john adams and john quincy adams.
Social exchange theory is based on communication and exchange between organization and employees that are identified through benefits obtained from social emotional exchange, commitment, and trust. Homans enter paper title find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Homans had to acknowledge some basic assumptions when transposing skinners work into his own theory, namely, that propositions regarding individual behavior could be adapted to social situations and, perhaps more controversial, that propositions on the behavior of pigeons could be generalized to the behavior of humans homans 1961. A theory of social interaction based on the proposition that people expect rewards and costs from social exchange to be equitable. Homansenter paper title find, read and cite all the. The problem with concentrating on these specific works of homans and blau are that they result in a view of exchange theory as uniquely individualistic, totally ignoring collectivistic exchange theory. An essay or paper on george homans theory of social behavior. According to them, the outcome of interaction should result in attraction and affiliation, also called rewards, among the persons of a group. Nov 01, 2017 george homans in 1958, created the social exchange theory. Homans, the human group and elementary social behaviour. One postcollege intellectual influence on george c. Teori pertukaran sosial social exchange theory pengenalan sudut pandang pertukaran sosial berepndapat bahwa orang menghitung nilai keseluruhan dari sebuah hubungan dengan mengurangkan pengorbanannya dari penghargaan yang diterima monge dan contractor, 2003. Homans is best known for his research in social behavior and his works. Two of his many books, the human group and social behaviour.
Homans abst ract to consider social behavior as an exchange of goods may clarify the relations among four bodies of the ory. Homans, elementary forms of social behavior, 2nd ed. He defined social exchange as the exchange of activity, tangible or intangible and more or less rewarding or costly, between at least two people. He was an instructor at harvard university from 1939 to 1941, an associate professor from 1946 to 1953. Homans first met and became friends with skinner when their terms in the elite harvard society of fellows overlapped, 193436. Major proponents of the social exchange perspective within sociology include homans 1961, 1974, blau 1964, 1987, and emerson 1962, 1972a, 1972b. After homans developed the theory, two other theorists. At its most basic, social exchange theory may be viewed as providing an economic metaphor to social relationships. Toward a more comprehensive use of social exchange theory to. Social exchange theory states that people participate in behaviors that they find to be rewarding and they terminate behaviors that they find to be too costly appelrouth and edles, p. Reciprocal interdependence emphasizes contingent interpersonal transactions. Homans 1958 advocated that scholars return to what he described as the oldest of theories of social behaviorsocial behavior as exchange p. Mar 20, 2014 the social exchange theory was established by george homans. This article was conceived while i was a fellow at the center for advanced study of the behavioral sciences in 199697.
Social exchange theory a potentially more useful approach to understanding, predicting, and changing attitudes and behaviors regarding nature is provided by social exchange theory set homans, 1961. George casper homans august 11, 1910 may 29, 1989 was an american sociologist, founder of behavioral sociology and a major contributor to the social exchange theory homans is best known for his research in social behavior and his works. Social exchange theory is a sociological and psychological theory that studies the social behavior in the interaction of two parties that implement a costbenefit analysis to determine risks and benefits. History of the theory social exchange theory was developed in the year 1958, by the sociologist george homans. Social exchange theory is a theory in social science which states that there are elements in social relations without discipline, sacrifice, and benefits that affect each other. Social exchange theory in psychology verywell mind. The methodological challenges of studying social exchange in the laboratory and in the world outside the lab are addressed as well as links between exchange theory and topics under study by economic sociologists and network scholars more broadly, including internetmediated exchanges and their growing significance. In examining social behavior as exchange, homans 1961 drew.
The theory is no longer covered in a full chapter of the current edition. Social exchange theory an overview sciencedirect topics. This theory is often used to explain human interactions, particularly those in which people seek to gain something from the relationship. It was developed by the us sociologist george caspar homans 191089 and expounded in his books the human group 1950 and social behavior. George homans george homans in 1958, created the social exchange theory. Homans 1958 advocated that scholars return to what he described as the oldest of theories of social behavior social behavior as exchange p. Social behavior as exchange, american journal of sociology 63. This reading is likely the single most famous synopsis of exchange theory. George casper homans august 11, 1910 may 29, 1989 was an american sociologist, founder of behavioral sociology and the exchange theory homans is best known for his research in social behavior and his works including the human group, social behavior.
To consider social behavior as an exchange of goods may clarify the relations among four bodies of theory. The social exchange theory assumes that even though the benefits exchanged need not be tangible, these benefits exchanged between the parties involved in this. Our first proposition relates a mans or womans action to its success in getting a favorable result. Garcia sp 200 a 6 november 2017 social exchange theory the social exchange theory was formally advanced in the late 1950s and early 1960s in the work of the sociologists george homans 1961 and peter blau 1964 and the work of social psychologists john thibaut and harold kelley 1959 social exchange theory. He defined social exchange as the exchange of activity, tangible or intangible, and more or less rewarding or costly, between at least two persons. To consider social behavior as an exchange of goods may clarify the. George casper homans august 11, 1910 may 29, 1989 was an american sociologist, founder of behavioral sociology and a major contributor to the social exchange theory. Pdf on nov 12, 2012, jacek tittenbrun published the the theory of social exchange of g. Social exchange theory by george homans essay 1699 words. Theories of group formation, homans theory, exchange theory. Social exchange theory proposes that social behavior is the result of an exchange process. This is what the social exchange theory says, and psychologenie explains this with some of its realworld examples.
Social exchange theory wikipedia republished wiki 2. George caspar homans 19101989 is widely regarded as the father of social exchange theory. Background social exchange theory was introduced in 1958 by the sociologist george homans with the publication of his work social behavior as exchange. Jan 14, 2020 while social exchange theory is found in economics and psychology, it was first developed by the sociologist george homans, who wrote about it in a 1958 essay titled social behavior as exchange. Contrary to the belief of many who have read george homans recent works, he is not the first sociologist to make explicit use of the concept of exchange. The social exchange theory is founded on the idea that human behaviour or social interaction is an exchange process involving tangible and intangible costs and rewards homans, 1961. Exchange it has been our main theme is the basis, acknowledged or unacknowledged, of much human behavior. Social exchange theory, supply chain management, trust, purchasing, ensuring. Social exchange theory goes back to thibaut and kelley 1959, kelley and thibaut 1978, homans 1961 and rusbult 1983. George caspar homans social behavior is an exchange of more or less valuable rewards. The theory of games should, for instance, make him better able to choose a strategy among alternative courses of action, when the risks and returns of each are matters. Sociologist george homans 1961 and peter blau were the first to find out the theory of social exchange theory in the late 1950s and early 1960s.
The fundamental difference between economic exchange and social exchange theory is in the way actors are viewed. Early social exchange theory applications in family science arose out of the work of sociologists. This theory explains how humans view their relationships with others in accordance with the assumption of human self is to. The theory moves beyond the traditional skinnerian foundation homans 1961. Exchange theory of reward and cost outcome thaibaunt and kelly put forward their theory of group formation, stating the outcome of interaction as the basis of group formation. Homans that is highly significant to his social exchange theory is the behavioural psychology of b. Also, the theory involves economic relationships, it occurs when each party have goods that the other parties value. Exchange theory has been one of the major theoretical perspectives in the field of social psy chology since the early writings of homans 1961, blau 1964 and emerson 1962, 1972. Morgenstern, 1944, is devoted to providing him with this knowledge and enabling him to make the calculations.
In 1961, he amplified his argument in social behavior. This is a crucial text in the history of exchange theory. It is argued that social exchange produces positive or negative global feelings, which are internally rewarding or punishing. Its elementary forms, his exchange theory and the many different propositions he enforced to better explain social behavior. Homans defined social exchange as the exchange of activity, tangible or intangible, and more or less rewarding or costing.
Homans primary focus was the social behavior that emerged as a result of. Homans, blau, and emerson were the key theorists who developed the original theories of social. Sociologist george homans published a work social behavior as exchange. The following document is an archived chapter from a previous edition of a first look at communication theory by em griffin, the leading college text in the field of communication theory all editions published by mcgrawhill. According to this theory, developed by sociologist george homans, people weigh the potential benefits and risks of social relationships. Teori pertukaran sosial social exchange theory serambi. According to hormans 1958, the initiator of the theory, it was developed to understand the social behavior of humans in economic undertakings. Jul 06, 2017 definition social exchange theory is a social psychological and sociological perspective that explains social change and stability as a process of negotiated exchanges between parties. Homans 1950, 1958, 1961 drew from a variety of theories and fields in developing his. If you already know something about exchange theory then you wont learn much by reading it. Social exchange theory has its origins in the field of sociology in the work of george c. Pdf on nov 12, 2012, jacek tittenbrun and others published the the theory of social exchange of g.
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